What is the most current Android tablet version?

The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of its first beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. The operating system is developed by Google on a yearly cycle since at least 2011.[1] New major releases are announced at Google I/O along with its first public beta to supported Google Pixel devices. The stable version is then released later in the year.

Overview

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[2] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) before the beta version was released.[3][4] The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[5][6] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[7] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.[8] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system. Both the operating system itself and the SDK were released along with their source code, as free software under the Apache License.[9]

The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.[10] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names.[11] The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestone builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.[12]

The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.[13] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released September 2019.

In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.[14] Since then, a new major Android version has been released in the second half of each year, and apps must target it by August 31 of the following year for new apps, or November 1 for app updates.[15]

1. ^[23] The device's about page will still show the Android version as 12.[24]

   12L launched as part of the March 2022 security update to supported Pixel devices. The factory images for March 2022 and subsequent updates display the version as 12.1.The device's about page will still show the Android version as 12.

Version history

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.

Android 1.0

Android 1.1

Android 1.1 (API 2) On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.[12][36] The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:[37] Version

Release date

Features 1.1 February 9, 2009

• Details and reviews available when a user searches for businesses on Maps.
• Longer in-call screen timeout by default when using the speakerphone, plus the ability to show/hide the dialpad.
• Ability to save attachments in messages.
• Support added for marquee in system layouts.

Android 1.5 Cupcake

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3) On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.[38][39] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake"), a theme used for all releases until Android Pie, with Android 10 and later using a number-only system. The update included several new features and UI amendments:[40] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 1.5 April 27, 2009[38]

• Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and a user dictionary for custom words.
• Support for Widgets – miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates.[41]
• Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats.
• Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth (A2DP and AVRCP profiles).
• Copy and paste features in web browser.
• User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts.
• Specific date/time stamp shown for events in call log, and one-touch access to a contact card from a call log event.
• Animated screen transitions.
• Auto-rotation option.
• New stock boot animation.
• Ability to upload videos to YouTube.
• Ability to upload photos to Picasa.
• Ability to check phone usage history.[42]

Android 1.5 home screen

Android 1.6 Donut

Android 1.6 Donut (API 4) On September 15, 2009, Android 1.6 – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.[43][44][45] Included in the update were numerous new features:[43] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 1.6 September 15, 2009[44]

• Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the web.
• Ability for developers to include their content in search results.
• Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text.
• Easier searching and the ability to view app screenshots in Android Market.
• Gallery, Camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access.
• Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion.
• Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine.
• Support for WVGA screen resolutions.
• Speed improvements in searching and camera applications.
• Expanded Gesture framework and a new GestureBuilder development tool.

Android 1.6 home screen

Android 2.0 Eclair

Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5) On October 27, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.[46] Changes include the ones listed below.[47] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 2.0 October 27, 2009[48]

• Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for synchronization of an email and contacts.
• Microsoft Exchange email support, with a combined inbox to browse an email from multiple accounts in one page.
• Bluetooth 2.1 support.
• Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person.
• Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with the added ability to delete the oldest messages in a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached.
• Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus.
• Improved typing speed on a virtual keyboard, with a smarter dictionary that learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions.
• Refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails, double-tap zoom and support for HTML5.
• Calendar agenda view enhanced, showing attending status for each invitee, and the ability to invite new guests to events.
• Optimized hardware speed and revamped UI.
• Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, with better contrast ratio.
• Improved Google Maps 3.1.2.
• MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events.[49]
• Pressure-sensitive touch support in API, even though no according hardware existed at that time.[50][51]
• Addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to show movement.

Android 2.0.1 Eclair

Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API 6) Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 2.0.1 December 3, 2009[52]

• Minor API changes, bug fixes and framework behavioral changes.

Android 2.1 Eclair

Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7) Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 2.1 January 11, 2010[53][17]

• Minor amendments to the API and bug fixes.

Android 2.1 home screen

Android 2.2 Froyo

Android 2.3 Gingerbread

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9) On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[66][67] Changes included:[66] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 2.3 December 6, 2010[67]

• Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed.
• Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher).[61]
• Native support for SIP VoIP internet telephones.
• Faster, more intuitive text input on a virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better suggested text and voice input mode.
• Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-holding, copying, and pasting.
• Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user to read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement.
• New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost.
• New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application.
• Support for multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available.
• Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding.
• Improved power management with a more active role in managing applications that are keeping the device awake for too long.
• Enhanced support for native code development.
• Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices.[68][69]
• Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers.
• Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance.
• Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers).
• First Android version to feature an Easter egg. It was an image of the Bugdroid standing next to a zombie gingerbread man, with many more zombies in the background.

Android 2.3 home screen 2.3.1 December 22, 2010[70]

• Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.

2.3.2 January 21, 2011[71]

• Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.

Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread

Android 3.0 Honeycomb

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11) On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[84][85][86][87] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[88] The update's features included:[84] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 3.0 February 22, 2011[86]

• Optimized tablet support with a new "holographic" user interface (removed again the following year with version 4.2).[89]
• New Easter egg, an image of a Tron-themed bumblebee.
• Added System Bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the screen.
• Added the Action Bar, giving access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen.
• Simplified multitasking – tapping Recent Applications in the System Bar allows users to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one application to another.
• Redesigned the keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen sizes
• Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface.
• Multiple browser tabs replacing browser windows, plus form auto-fill and a new "incognito" mode allowing somewhat anonymous browsing.
• Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and other camera features.
• Ability to view albums and other collections in full-screen mode in Gallery, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos.
• New two-pane Contacts UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts.
• New two-pane Email UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient, allowing users to select one or more messages.
• Hardware acceleration.
• Support for multi-core processors.
• Ability to encrypt all user data.
• HTTPS stack improved with Server Name Indication (SNI).
• Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE; kernel module).
• Disallows applications from having to write access to secondary storage (memory cards on devices with internal primary storage) outside of designated, application-specific directories. Full access to primary internal storage is still allowed through a separate application-level permission.[90][91]

Android 3.0 home screen

Android 3.1 Honeycomb

Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API 12) Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 3.1 May 10, 2011[92]

• UI refinements.
• Connectivity for USB accessories (USB On-The-Go).
• Expanded Recent Applications list.
• Resizable Home screen widgets.
• Support for external keyboards and pointing devices.
• Support for joysticks and gamepads.
• Support for FLAC audio playback.[93][94]
• High-performance Wi-Fi lock, maintaining high-performance Wi-Fi connections when the device screen is off.
• Support for HTTP proxy for each connected Wi-Fi access point.

Android 3.2 Honeycomb

Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13) Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 3.2 July 15, 2011[95]

• Improved hardware support, including optimizations for a wider range of tablets.
• Increased ability of applications to access files on the SD card, e.g. for synchronization.
• Compatibility display mode for applications that have not been optimized for tablet screen resolutions.
• New display support functions, giving developers more control over display appearance on different Android devices.[96]

3.2.1 September 20, 2011

• Bug fixes and minor security, stability and Wi-Fi improvements.
• Update to Android Market with automatic updates and easier-to-read Terms and Conditions text.
• Update to Google Books.
• Improved Adobe Flash support in browser.
• Improved Chinese handwriting prediction.

3.2.2 September 30, 2011

• Bug fixes and other minor improvements for the Motorola Xoom 4G.

3.2.4 December 15, 2011

• Pay As You Go for 3G and 4G tablets.

3.2.6 February 15, 2012

• Fixed data connectivity issues when coming out of Airplane mode on the US 4G Motorola Xoom.

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15) Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 4.0.3 December 16, 2011[110]

• Numerous bug fixes and optimizations.
• Improvements to graphics, databases, spell-checking and Bluetooth functionality.
• New APIs for developers, including a social stream API in the Contacts provider.
• Calendar provider enhancements.
• New camera applications enhancing video stabilization and QVGA resolution.
• Accessibility refinements such as improved content access for screen readers.[111]

4.0.4 March 28, 2012

• Stability improvements.
• Better camera performance.
• Smoother screen rotation.
• Improved phone number recognition.[112]

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean

Android 4.3 Jelly Bean

Android 4.4 KitKat

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20) On June 24, 2014, a version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released. Version

Release date

Features 4.4W[177] June 25, 2014[178]

• Initial release of the Android Wear platform for smartwatches: the same as Android 4.4 "KitKat", but with wearable extensions added.

4.4W.1 September 6, 2014[179]

• UI updates for Google Maps navigation and alarms.

4.4W.2 October 21, 2014[180]

• Offline music playback.
• GPS support.

Android 5.0 Lollipop

Android 5.1 Lollipop

Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Android 7.0 Nougat

Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24) Android "Nougat" (codenamed N in-development) is the seventh major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 9, 2016, with factory images for supported Nexus devices, as well as with the new "Android Beta Program" which allows supported devices to be upgraded directly to the Android Nougat beta via an over-the-air update. The final release was on August 22, 2016. The final preview build was released on July 18, 2016,[232] with the build number NPD90G. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 7.0 August 22, 2016[233]

• Support for file-based encryption.[234]
• Unicode 9.0 emoji and skin tone modifier support (and exposes a subset of ICU4J APIs).[235]
• Ability to display color calibration.
• Ability to zoom in the screen.
• Ability to switch to the last opened app by double-tapping the overview button.
• Added an Emergency information part.
• Added the "Clear All" button to the Overview screen.
• Another system partition, which gets updated when not in use, allowing for seamless system updates.
• Daydream virtual reality platform (VR interface).
• Improved Doze functionality, which aims to prolong battery life.
• Improvements to the file browser.
• Ability to move files added to Storage Access Framework[236]
• More Quick Settings options.
• Multi-window support, which supports floating apps on a desktop layout.
• New Data Saver mode, which can force apps to reduce bandwidth usage.
• New JIT Compiler, making for 75 percent faster app installations and a 50 percent reduction in compiled code size.
• Just in Time (JIT) compiler with code profiling to ART, which lets it constantly improve the performance of Android apps as they run.[237]
• Picture-in-picture support for Android TV.
• Redesigned notification shade, featuring instant access to certain settings.
• Redesigned Overview screen.
• Replaced notification cards with notification sheets.
• Settings app navigation drawer.
• Vulkan 3D rendering API.
• Multiple Device Locales[238]
• Discontinuation of Android Camera V1 API[239]
• Restricted file system access[240]

Android 7.0 home screen

Android 7.1 Nougat

Android 7.1 Nougat (API 25) On October 19, 2016, Google released Android 7.1.1 as a developer preview for the Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P and the Pixel C. A second preview became available on November 22, 2016, before the final version was released to the public on December 5, 2016. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 7.1 October 4, 2016[241]

• Rearranged notification shade.
• "Restart" option added to power button menu[242]
• Touch/display performance improvements.
• Moves (Fingerprint swipe down gesture – opt-in).
• Opt-in with new hardware required:
  • Seamless A/B system updates.
  • Daydream VR mode.
• Developer features:
  • Shortcut manager APIs.
  • Circular app icons support.
  • Keyboard image insertion.
  • Fingerprint sensor gesture to open/close notification shade.
  • Manual storage manager Intent for apps.
  • Improved VR thread scheduling.
  • Enhanced wallpaper metadata.
  • Multi-endpoint call support.
  • Support for various MNO requirements.
    • PCDMA voice privacy property.
    • Source type support for Visual Voicemail.
    • Carrier config options for managing telephone videos.
• Manual storage manager – identifies files and apps using storage.

Android 7.1 home screen 7.1.1[243] December 1, 2016[244]

• New set of emojis adding different skin tones and haircuts to existing ones.
• Send GIFs directly from the default keyboard.
• App shortcuts: Launch actions on apps by long-pressing the app icon.
• Developer Options: Show CPU Usage feature removed.

7.1.2[245][246] April 2, 2017[247]

• Battery usage alerts.

Android 8.0 Oreo

Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26) Android Oreo is the eighth major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview, codenamed Android O, on March 21, 2017, with factory images for supported Nexus and Pixel devices. The final developer preview was released on July 24, 2017, with the stable version released in August 2017. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 8.0[248] August 21, 2017

• Project Treble, the biggest change to the foundations of Android to date: a modular architecture that makes it easier and faster for hardware makers to deliver Android updates.
• Picture-in-picture support.
• Support for Unicode 10.0 emoji (5.0) and replacement of all blob-shaped emojis by round ones with gradients and outlines.
• Redesigned Quick Settings and Settings with a white background and respectively black and Accent font colors.
• Restructured Settings by regrouping sections into similar entries.
• Adaptive icons
• Notification improvements.
  • Notification channels.
  • Notification dots (badges).
  • Notification snoozing.
  • Notification shade multi-colors (for music album art, messengers, etc.).
• System-wide Autofill framework.
• Support for AAC, Sony's LDAC and Qualcomm's aptX and aptX HD codecs.[249]
• App-specific unknown sources.
• Multi-display support.
• 2 times faster boot time compared to Nougat according to Google, testing on their Pixel devices.[248]
• Apps background execution and location limits.
• Google Play Protect.
• Downloadable fonts.
• Integrated printing support.
• Color management (deep color and wide color gamut).
• Wi-Fi Assistant.

Android 8.0 home screen

Android 8.1 Oreo

Android 8.1 Oreo (API 27) Android 8.1 Oreo is the sixteenth minor release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017, for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 8.1[250][251] December 5, 2017[252][253]

• Neural networks API.
• Shared memory API.
• WallpaperColors API.
• Bluetooth battery level for connected devices, accessible in Quick Settings.
• Android Oreo (Go edition), a lightweight distribution of Android that runs better than normal Android on devices with less than 1 GB of RAM.[254]
• Autofill framework updates.
• Programmatic Safe Browsing actions.
• Navigation buttons dim when not in use.
• Visual changes to 'Power Off' and 'Restart', including a new screen and floating toolbar.
• Toast messages are now white with the same existing transparency.
• Automatic light and dark themes.
• New Easter egg in the form of an official Oreo cookie picture.[255]

Android 8.1 home screen

Android 9 Pie

Android 9 Pie (API 28) Android Pie is the ninth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, considered beta quality, was released on May 8, 2018. The final beta of Android Pie (fifth preview, also considered as a "Release Candidate") was released on July 25, 2018. The first official release was released on August 6, 2018. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 9 August 6, 2018

• New user interface for the quick settings menu.[256]
• The clock has moved to the left of the notification bar.[257]
• The "dock" now has a semi-transparent background.[257]
• Battery Saver no longer shows an orange overlay on the notification and status bars.[256]
• A "screenshot" button has been added to the power options.[257]
• A new "Lockdown" mode which disables biometric authentication once activated.
• Rounded corners across the UI.
• New transitions for switching between apps, or activities within apps.
• Richer messaging notifications, where a full conversation can be seen within a notification, full-scale images, and smart replies akin to Google's new app, Reply.
• Support for display cutouts.
• Redesigned volume slider.
• Battery percentage now shown in Always-On Display.
• Lock screen security changes include the possible return of an improved NFC Unlock.
• Experimental features (which are currently hidden within a menu called Feature Flags) such as a redesigned About Phone page in settings, and automatic Bluetooth enabling while driving.
• DNS over TLS.[258]
• A new optional gesture-based system interface, allowing users to navigate the OS using swipes more often than the traditional UI.
• Redesigned multitask app switcher with the Google search bar and app drawer built-in.
• Android Dashboard, which tells the user how much time they are spending on their device and in apps, and allows the user to set time limits on apps.
• "Shush", an enhanced version of Do Not Disturb mode activated by placing the phone face down, which mutes standard notifications.
• "Adaptive Battery" prediction, which makes use of Doze to hibernate user apps the OS determines the user will not use.
• Auto-Brightness feature modifies screen brightness based on user habits.
• Wind Down option lets Android users set a specific bedtime that enables Do Not Disturb and turns the entire phone's interface gray to discourage further use at night.
• Vulkan 1.1 support.
• Call recording options fully disabled[259]

Android 9 home screen

Android 10

Android 11

Android 11 (API 30) Android 11 is the eleventh major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 19, 2020, and the first developer preview released on the same day.[275][276]
The launch of Android 11 Beta was postponed from June 3, 2020, to June 10, 2020.[277] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 11 September 8, 2020

• Chat bubbles.
• Screen recorder.
• Notification history.
• New permissions controls.
• API distinction between standalone 5G NR and non-standalone 5G.
• One-time permissions.[278]
• Permissions auto-reset.[278]
• Wireless Android Auto on devices with 5GHz Wi-Fi.[279]
• Increased number of updatable core OS components in Google Play from 12 to 21.[278][280]
• Enterprise work profile privacy protections now apply on company-owned devices.[281]
• Independent left and right edge sensitivity for gesture navigation.[282]
• Since this version, apps no longer have access to other app's directories (including "Android/Data").[283]

Android 11 home screen

Android 12

Android 12 (API 31) Android 12 is the twelfth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on February 18, 2021, and the first developer preview was released on the same day.[284][285] Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 12 October 4, 2021

• Easier Wi-Fi sharing.
• AVIF image support.
• Material You, an updated design language based on Material Design.
• Scrolling Screenshot.[286]
• One Handed Mode.[287]
• Android Runtime (ART) module added to the updatable core OS components via Google Play, added functionality to existing modules.[288][289]
• Area Magnification can zoom in any content on device.[290]
• "Extra Dim" is a faint level of brightness not accessible by the brightness scale.[291]
• Bold Text.
• Greyscale.
• A green dot at the top right of the screen shows when the camera or microphone is in use.[292]
• Option to choose precise or approximate location.[293]
• Privacy Dashboard.[294]
• Gestures can work in immersive mode.[295]
• Performance improvements to system services to improve transitions, power efficiency, and reduce app startup times.[296]
• Third party app stores now have the ability to update apps without constantly asking the user for permission.[297]

Android 12L

Android 12L (API 32) Android 12L[c] is an interim release for Android 12 that includes design tweaks for larger displays and minor stability changes to the operating system. It was announced on October 2021 alongside Beta releases with a stable version launching on March 7, 2022. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 12L March 7, 2022

Improvements specific for foldable phones, tablets, desktop-sized screens and Chromebooks, and modifications to the user interface to tailor it to larger screens.[298]

Android 13

Android 14

Android 14 (API 34) Android 14 is the fourteenth major version of the Android operating system. Google announced Android 14 on February 8, 2023, with the first Developer Preview releasing on the same day. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 14 October 4, 2023

• Installation of apps designed to target Android versions and SDKs older than Marshmallow (6.0) is blocked to prevent malware.[308][309]

Android 15

Android 15 (API 35) Android 15 is the fifteenth major version of the Android operating system. Version

Release date

Features Image(s) 15 TBA

• Reintroduction of lock screen widgets, which were introduced in Android 4.2 and removed in Android 5.0.[310]

Hardware requirements

The main hardware platform for Android is the 64-bit ARM architecture (i.e. ARMv8-A; previously the 32-bit ARMv7 architecture was supported and first ARMv5), with x86[d] and MIPS[e] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android. MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.[313]

Android 1.0 through 1.5 required a 2 megapixel camera with autofocus camera. This was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera with Android 1.6.[314]

In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[315] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[316][317] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[318][f] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[319] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[151] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor,[320] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[321] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices[322]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[321] In 2021, Android was ported to RISC-V.[323] In 2021, Qualcomm said it will support more updates.[324]

See also

Explanatory notes

1. ^[82][83]

   The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.

2. ^[108][109]

   For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.

3. ^

   Released as "Android 12.1" for smartphones

4. ^[311]

   Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture , also called i686.

5. ^[312] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[311]

   Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64

6. ^1), M (10002), G (10003), etc.

   Disk-based memory (hard drives), solid state disk devices such as USB drives, DVD-based storage, bit rates, bus speeds, and network speeds, are specified using decimal meanings for k (1000), M (1000), G (1000), etc.

References

Powerful Android features like Live Caption and Now Playing are enabled by continuous streams of data like audio from your apps, sounds nearby, or the content on your screen. But this data can be highly sensitive and you might not want it to leave your phone.

It's essential that we build these features in a privacy-preserving way, so we built Private Compute Core. It's a first-of-its-kind secure mobile environment that is isolated from the rest of the operating system and your apps. Any information processed in Private Compute Core requires explicit user action before it can be shared with Google or any app or service. And like the rest of Android, the protections in Private Compute Core are open source and fully inspectable and verifiable by the security community.